Next weekend, second part of colecting season begins. We will go hunt some trees. I'm so happy, I missed this mountain roamings, and I'm curious what we will found.
And I like the excitement that I feel in my body.
Reports will follow.
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Monday, August 31, 2009
Sunday, August 30, 2009
Alex "The Pot Master"
And here is my dear friend Alex who knows everything, but EVERYTHING about bonsai pots.
He was, as last year, of great help in choosing and explaining pots for bonsai. Full of informations and knowledge, his presentation is second to none.
Thank you for your time and your help. Remember our deal-we are expecting you in Croatia in near future. I think it will be nice that you do a Pot critique in front of the audience. That could be very very interesting and we could also learn a lot. And of course, that could be something new in a way bonsai conventions are organised.
Thanks Alex!
One small part of Walter Palls collection of pots.
He was, as last year, of great help in choosing and explaining pots for bonsai. Full of informations and knowledge, his presentation is second to none.
Thank you for your time and your help. Remember our deal-we are expecting you in Croatia in near future. I think it will be nice that you do a Pot critique in front of the audience. That could be very very interesting and we could also learn a lot. And of course, that could be something new in a way bonsai conventions are organised.
Thanks Alex!
One small part of Walter Palls collection of pots.
Walter Pall Late summer meeting 2009
And again, The Walter Pall's Late Summer Meeting gathered a crowd of bonsai people from all over the Europe. Even the Big names like Mauro Stemberger were there, or Wolfgang Putz! So, I think it is easy to conclude that The Walter Pall's Late Summer Meeting is becoming a one of the major european bonsai events in a calendar. And all this people are coming in a back garden of "A One Man" in a small pictoresque place in german countryside! Like a cohesional factor, Walter Pall's carisma gathers people that share same love...same passion. Are there any words that haven't been spoken about Walter Pall?
In that way, as in many others, Walter is "A Man" of outstanding qualityes, huge seductive carisma and an unlimited knowledge that he shares to all. Even more, many people in Croatia have a special and emotional "wire" with Walter. And I think he understands that and he feels it too. I am happy and proud that I'm constantly learning bonsai from Walter Pall, and that he was the first of the bonsai world Big Faces who came in Croatia and made the first big steps in changing our thoughts and technics about bonsai. And he is coming back every year as a part of our bonsai family, not only as a Master teacher but as a friend. In that way, in my humble opinion, he was and he stays "The Father" of croatian bonsai and "The Founder" of the internationaly recognised croatian bonsai scene.
So, Walter has a special responsibility for further development of croatian bonsai, and also for development and evolving of that outstanding natural material that we have.
Thank you Walter once again for everything you've done and everything you will in the future.
Mauro was here, the famous Mauro Stemberger!
MAURO STEMBERGER's Demo
Walter is discussing Mauro's Pinus before Mauro proceeds with a Demo.
Mauro at work. In full concentration.
Mauro is making a starting decisions which branches to leave and which to make a jin.
Mauro in a creative moment :)
Wired branches are put in position.
And the result is fantastic. A powerful and dramatic tree. A Mauro's great vision and skills performed for such a result. Here, Walter is discussing finished work.
Yeah...the Powerful tree! Look Walter's eyes!
Let me say that, I was very happy that I had the opportunity to watch Mauro at work with such a great material. I think that it is absolutely necessary that a man with highly developed skills and bonsai techniques like Mauro, with a great artistic vision, to be able to show what he can do, he has to be provided with a material of high quality. It was a fantastic experience to see this interaction between Mauro and a wonderful cascading Pine tree.
Powerful and also...HEAVY. "Mauro...wait....turn around...wait....just stay there and hold it for a moment!"
Mauro Stemberger is a great guy, a great Master of bonsai and a very pleasant man. It was a privilege to meet him and to watch him work.
The Croatians with Walter and Mauro.
One photo with "The Father".
Croatian Premiere League with The Father.
Thank you Walter Pall!
In that way, as in many others, Walter is "A Man" of outstanding qualityes, huge seductive carisma and an unlimited knowledge that he shares to all. Even more, many people in Croatia have a special and emotional "wire" with Walter. And I think he understands that and he feels it too. I am happy and proud that I'm constantly learning bonsai from Walter Pall, and that he was the first of the bonsai world Big Faces who came in Croatia and made the first big steps in changing our thoughts and technics about bonsai. And he is coming back every year as a part of our bonsai family, not only as a Master teacher but as a friend. In that way, in my humble opinion, he was and he stays "The Father" of croatian bonsai and "The Founder" of the internationaly recognised croatian bonsai scene.
So, Walter has a special responsibility for further development of croatian bonsai, and also for development and evolving of that outstanding natural material that we have.
Thank you Walter once again for everything you've done and everything you will in the future.
Mauro was here, the famous Mauro Stemberger!
MAURO STEMBERGER's Demo
Walter is discussing Mauro's Pinus before Mauro proceeds with a Demo.
Mauro at work. In full concentration.
Mauro is making a starting decisions which branches to leave and which to make a jin.
Mauro in a creative moment :)
Wired branches are put in position.
And the result is fantastic. A powerful and dramatic tree. A Mauro's great vision and skills performed for such a result. Here, Walter is discussing finished work.
Yeah...the Powerful tree! Look Walter's eyes!Let me say that, I was very happy that I had the opportunity to watch Mauro at work with such a great material. I think that it is absolutely necessary that a man with highly developed skills and bonsai techniques like Mauro, with a great artistic vision, to be able to show what he can do, he has to be provided with a material of high quality. It was a fantastic experience to see this interaction between Mauro and a wonderful cascading Pine tree.
The Demo was first class.
Powerful and also...HEAVY. "Mauro...wait....turn around...wait....just stay there and hold it for a moment!""Oh come on, take the damn picture, I cannot hold it any more" :)
Mauro Stemberger is a great guy, a great Master of bonsai and a very pleasant man. It was a privilege to meet him and to watch him work.His work is inspiring and highly technicaly skilled. He is nice, calm, friendly and good looking (the girls couldn't take their eyes off, but they were not looking at Pinus in the pot :)!
I can say as an announcement that Mauro will be holding a demo and a workshop in Zagreb next autumn 2010. Some preliminary arangements were made. All informations will be on time and we will be in touch with Mauro.
Mauro, thanks! Nice to have a new friend in our bonsai lives.
Walter and a "cascading dragon"
The Croatians with Walter and Mauro.
One photo with "The Father".
Croatian Premiere League with The Father.
Thank you Walter Pall!Sunday, August 2, 2009
The Mechanism of Foliar Absorption of Nutrients
Plants absorb nutrients as well as other chemicals through their foliage to varying degrees. Growers in most all types of agriculture apply foliar nutritional sprays from time to time for various reasons. A basic philosophy many growers utilize is to apply what is believed to be required to the soil in the fertilization program, and use nutritional foliar supplements as a tool to give crops any nutrients they may still be lacking. Even though growers constantly use this technique as nutritional supplement, the mechanism of foliar absorption of nutrients is not well understood.
In order to understand foliar absorption, we must first take a look at the surface of a leaf. Moving from the outside. The leaf surface is composed of layers of cuticular wax, followed by the cuticle or “skin” of the leaf. The cuticle exudes the wax. Under the cuticle are the cell walls of various types of leaf cells. Inside the cell walls are the plasma membranes of the cells themselves.
A foliar applied nutrient must pass through the cuticular wax, the cuticle, the cell wall, and the membrane in that order. Sometimes the nutrient will pass through these various layers, while other times it may pass through the spaces between these layers. Such absorption involves both active and passive processes of the leaf. The second and most often the, major means of foliar absorption is through the stomates, which are microscopic pores in the epidermis of the leaf. When the stomates are open, foliar absorption is often easier. Plant species vary widely in the, number of stomates per leaf area, and in their relative distribution.
Some plants have more stomates on the lower leaf surface than on the upper and some vice versa.
In simpler terms, some plants are, good at absorbing nutrients through their leaves, while others are not. The variables tend to be how many stomates and how they are distributed, and how thick the waxy cuticle of the leaf is.
Plants with large, broad soft leaves such as Spathiphyllum or many bedding plant species are rather efficient at absorbing, foliar nutrients. Palms, Avocados, Cucurbits, some Citrus and Zamias for example are not as adept at this absorption, due to the thicker tougher nature of their foliage.
The speed of absorption of nutrients is quite variable according to the nutrient, and to some degree the plant type. Rates of foliar absorption have generally not been studied in ornamental varieties.
One Thing Not Widely Known is that Nutrients are Generally ONLY ABSORBED while the spray is wet on the Leaf!
Once the spray has dried, absorption generally ceases until the leaves are moistened again, either by the dew the next day or additional rainfall or overhead irrigation. The various types of chelating agents are also not equal in their ability to penetrate the leaf. Some chelating agents work better on some types of plants, but not necessarily as well on others. The best chelating agent will depend in part on what type of plant you are spraying.
Another Common Misconception Regards Rates of Foliar Nutritional Applications.
Generally, there is a great deal of difference between the amount of chemical it takes to maximize absorption and the amount it takes to burn. Absorption is the limiting factor, so don’t make your rates too high. You may be able to double or triple the spray rate, but it won’t necessary increase absorption. It will increase risk of spray injury, so be conservative in your foliar application rates.
There are a number of situations when foliar nutritional supplements are especially useful. One is during propagation of slow rooting plant material. Long term mist propagation can leach nutrients severely, and foliar nutritional sprays during that time are very helpful. Nutritional sprays can be used efficiently to overcome other problems.
Another useful foliar technique is during cold fronts. When a cold front comes down, frequently you get heavy rain followed by several cold days. During this period, the fertilizer is not releasing a great deal, and the plants are not feeding. That is a good time to come in and apply some foliar nutrition to keep the plants moving until things warm up.
Several Techniques should be Used When Trying to Maximize Foliar Absorption of Nutrients.
One is to try to maximize the time that the spray is wet on the foliage. This preferably means early in the morning, when humidity is up, leaves are wet with dew. Spraying in the middle of a hot day will give you reduced effectiveness in absorption. It also helps to add urea or potassium nitrate to nutritional sprays when applying trace elements.
The mechanism is not known, but there is substantial research that indicates applying these materials with trace, elements increases trace element absorption. Try to spray when the stomates are open, preferably during a cooler time of day. Some industries like to spray at night, and that can be useful in some situations.
Try also to coat both the upper and lower leaf surfaces where practical, as many times the spray stays wet on the leaf longer, and there are more stomates to facilitate absorption on the lower leaf surfaces of many plant varieties.
The use of wetting agents or surfactants also aids in absorption, by spreading out the spray from droplets into a broader shape, increasing contact with the foliage. Surfactants also reduce the angle at which the spray material enters the leaf, which can be useful. It is generally useful to thoroughly wet the foliage when applying nutritional sprays.
Low volume sprayers may not be as effective in some cases. You should spray to run off, and once again cover the lower leaf surfaces.
Finally, do not get too high on your rates. Going higher on the rates of chemicals applied can actually reduce absorption, as can mixing too many nutritionals in the tank at a time.
Foliar nutritional sprays can be a very useful technique, especially when you understand the principles behind it. Nutritional sprays enable you to correct deficiencies, strengthen weak or damaged crops, speed growth and overall grow better plants, which is of course, the bottom line.
http://www.spraytec.com/9/nutrients-foliar-absorption
http://www.spraytec.com/
In order to understand foliar absorption, we must first take a look at the surface of a leaf. Moving from the outside. The leaf surface is composed of layers of cuticular wax, followed by the cuticle or “skin” of the leaf. The cuticle exudes the wax. Under the cuticle are the cell walls of various types of leaf cells. Inside the cell walls are the plasma membranes of the cells themselves.
A foliar applied nutrient must pass through the cuticular wax, the cuticle, the cell wall, and the membrane in that order. Sometimes the nutrient will pass through these various layers, while other times it may pass through the spaces between these layers. Such absorption involves both active and passive processes of the leaf. The second and most often the, major means of foliar absorption is through the stomates, which are microscopic pores in the epidermis of the leaf. When the stomates are open, foliar absorption is often easier. Plant species vary widely in the, number of stomates per leaf area, and in their relative distribution.
Some plants have more stomates on the lower leaf surface than on the upper and some vice versa.
In simpler terms, some plants are, good at absorbing nutrients through their leaves, while others are not. The variables tend to be how many stomates and how they are distributed, and how thick the waxy cuticle of the leaf is.
Plants with large, broad soft leaves such as Spathiphyllum or many bedding plant species are rather efficient at absorbing, foliar nutrients. Palms, Avocados, Cucurbits, some Citrus and Zamias for example are not as adept at this absorption, due to the thicker tougher nature of their foliage.
The speed of absorption of nutrients is quite variable according to the nutrient, and to some degree the plant type. Rates of foliar absorption have generally not been studied in ornamental varieties.
One Thing Not Widely Known is that Nutrients are Generally ONLY ABSORBED while the spray is wet on the Leaf!
Once the spray has dried, absorption generally ceases until the leaves are moistened again, either by the dew the next day or additional rainfall or overhead irrigation. The various types of chelating agents are also not equal in their ability to penetrate the leaf. Some chelating agents work better on some types of plants, but not necessarily as well on others. The best chelating agent will depend in part on what type of plant you are spraying.
Another Common Misconception Regards Rates of Foliar Nutritional Applications.
Generally, there is a great deal of difference between the amount of chemical it takes to maximize absorption and the amount it takes to burn. Absorption is the limiting factor, so don’t make your rates too high. You may be able to double or triple the spray rate, but it won’t necessary increase absorption. It will increase risk of spray injury, so be conservative in your foliar application rates.
There are a number of situations when foliar nutritional supplements are especially useful. One is during propagation of slow rooting plant material. Long term mist propagation can leach nutrients severely, and foliar nutritional sprays during that time are very helpful. Nutritional sprays can be used efficiently to overcome other problems.
Another useful foliar technique is during cold fronts. When a cold front comes down, frequently you get heavy rain followed by several cold days. During this period, the fertilizer is not releasing a great deal, and the plants are not feeding. That is a good time to come in and apply some foliar nutrition to keep the plants moving until things warm up.
Several Techniques should be Used When Trying to Maximize Foliar Absorption of Nutrients.
One is to try to maximize the time that the spray is wet on the foliage. This preferably means early in the morning, when humidity is up, leaves are wet with dew. Spraying in the middle of a hot day will give you reduced effectiveness in absorption. It also helps to add urea or potassium nitrate to nutritional sprays when applying trace elements.
The mechanism is not known, but there is substantial research that indicates applying these materials with trace, elements increases trace element absorption. Try to spray when the stomates are open, preferably during a cooler time of day. Some industries like to spray at night, and that can be useful in some situations.
Try also to coat both the upper and lower leaf surfaces where practical, as many times the spray stays wet on the leaf longer, and there are more stomates to facilitate absorption on the lower leaf surfaces of many plant varieties.
The use of wetting agents or surfactants also aids in absorption, by spreading out the spray from droplets into a broader shape, increasing contact with the foliage. Surfactants also reduce the angle at which the spray material enters the leaf, which can be useful. It is generally useful to thoroughly wet the foliage when applying nutritional sprays.
Low volume sprayers may not be as effective in some cases. You should spray to run off, and once again cover the lower leaf surfaces.
Finally, do not get too high on your rates. Going higher on the rates of chemicals applied can actually reduce absorption, as can mixing too many nutritionals in the tank at a time.
Foliar nutritional sprays can be a very useful technique, especially when you understand the principles behind it. Nutritional sprays enable you to correct deficiencies, strengthen weak or damaged crops, speed growth and overall grow better plants, which is of course, the bottom line.
http://www.spraytec.com/9/nutrients-foliar-absorption
http://www.spraytec.com/
Wednesday, July 8, 2009
Mistanje (rošenje) biljaka?
Ukratko
Kutikula je vanjski sloj lista i nepropusan je za vodu. Ima li rošenje smisla ??? Kod kritosjemenjača (bjelogorice), samo 0.5% vode može ući u biljku preko lista a u golosjemenjača (crnogorice) oko 10% vode može ući kroz iglice u biljku. Od kud ta razlika? Kutikula je nepropusni voštani pokrov kojeg stvaraju epidermalne stanice lista, izbojaka i ostalih nadzemnih dijelova biljnog organizma koji nemaju kore niti periderma (zaštitne ovojnice, npr. površinska ovojnica na paradajzu). Na listovima bjelogorice cijeli je vanjski sloj izgrađen od kutikule (nepropusnih stanica) dok kod crnogorice uz samu bazu iglica (tamo gdje se iglica spaja na granu) tog sloja nema. To je dio kroz koji crnogorična biljka može primiti vodu. Odnosno; rošenje kod crnogorice ima svakako više smisla nego kod bjelogorice.
Kutikula je vanjski sloj lista i nepropusan je za vodu. Ima li rošenje smisla ??? Kod kritosjemenjača (bjelogorice), samo 0.5% vode može ući u biljku preko lista a u golosjemenjača (crnogorice) oko 10% vode može ući kroz iglice u biljku. Od kud ta razlika? Kutikula je nepropusni voštani pokrov kojeg stvaraju epidermalne stanice lista, izbojaka i ostalih nadzemnih dijelova biljnog organizma koji nemaju kore niti periderma (zaštitne ovojnice, npr. površinska ovojnica na paradajzu). Na listovima bjelogorice cijeli je vanjski sloj izgrađen od kutikule (nepropusnih stanica) dok kod crnogorice uz samu bazu iglica (tamo gdje se iglica spaja na granu) tog sloja nema. To je dio kroz koji crnogorična biljka može primiti vodu. Odnosno; rošenje kod crnogorice ima svakako više smisla nego kod bjelogorice.
O provođenju vode kroz deblo,.. hrastovima,..o razlikama u provođenju vode,...o tajmingu vađenja...
Ukratko
Provodna tkiva biljaka su traheje i traheide. To su cijevi koje provode vodu apsorbiranu korijenskim sustavom do svih dijelova biljke. One su građene od mrtvih izduženih stanica odrvenjelih stijenki.Traheide su glavni provodni elementi kod golosjemenjača (crnogorica), a traheje kod kritosjemenjača (bjelogorične biljke). Traheide su provodni elementi koji su raspoređeni i funkcionalni u cijelom deblu biljke, zbog toga za biljku (npr.bor) nije smrtno ukoliko je cijelu 'izdubimo ili izdrilamo', a ostavimo sam mali dio kore. Kod bjelogoričnih vrsta bi takav čin bio s kobnim posljedicama. U kritosjemenjača (bjelogorice) postoji nekoliko različitih rasporeda i funkcioniranja provodnih elemenata. Tako su kod jednih provodni elementi osposobljeni za provođenje vode preko čitavog goda te su u funkciji deset ili više godina (kao i kod crnogorice) npr. Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Fagus, Populus, Salix, Tilia; dok su kod drugih provodni elementi (traheje) ograničeni na rano drvo (drvo koje nastaje u proljeće) te su samo elementi za provodnju vode u najmlađem godu u izravnoj vezi s listovima tog vegetacijskog razdoblja (Castanea, Fraxinus, Quercus, Robinia, Ulmus).
Zašto se to događa? Prodorom zraka u traheju nastaje mjehurić i ona postaje funkcionalno nesposobna te više ne može provoditi vodu. Takva traheja ireverzibilno (nepovratno) prestaje raditi. Traheide funkcioniraju drugačije te mogu izolirati mjehurić zraka ograđivanjem. U hrastova velike traheje funkcioniraju samo tijekom jednog vegetacijskog razdoblja. Početkom novog razdoblja (u proljeće) kambij mora nanovo izgraditi čitav sistem provođenja vode. To je jedan od razloga zašto hrastovi u proljeće tako kasno tjeraju. Naravno i jedan od razloga zašto je tako velika smrtnost novoizvađenih hrastova. Naime, ukoliko hrast izvadimo u proljeće prije nego su se pupovi otvorili vrlo vjerojatno smo izvadili hrast prije nego li je on izgradio novi provodni sustav. Na taj način izravno smo onemogućili protok vode prema listovima tog vegetacijskog razdoblja, odnosno ubili smo biljku. Bez obzira koliko zalijevali biljku, ne postoji način da ona tu vodu dopremi do udaljenih dijelova i mjesta novoga rasta. Nešto malo vode koju će uspjeti dobiti listovi bit će iz traheja kasnog drva (one traheje koje su nastaje u ljeto) no one nisu dostatne (imaju uzak lumen, mali promjer) niti za preživljavanje postojećih, a kamoli za stvaranje novih listova.
Zaključak: Hrastove treba vaditi ili neposredno-NEPOSREDNO prije otvaranja pupova ili kad su već formirani mladi listovi. Ova teorija je u skladu s iskustvima da je bolji uspjeh preživljavanja hrastova koji su izvađeni u ljeto od onih koji su izvađeni u rano proljeće. Možda bi ljetna presadnja uz defolijaciju bila rješenje!?
Provodna tkiva biljaka su traheje i traheide. To su cijevi koje provode vodu apsorbiranu korijenskim sustavom do svih dijelova biljke. One su građene od mrtvih izduženih stanica odrvenjelih stijenki.Traheide su glavni provodni elementi kod golosjemenjača (crnogorica), a traheje kod kritosjemenjača (bjelogorične biljke). Traheide su provodni elementi koji su raspoređeni i funkcionalni u cijelom deblu biljke, zbog toga za biljku (npr.bor) nije smrtno ukoliko je cijelu 'izdubimo ili izdrilamo', a ostavimo sam mali dio kore. Kod bjelogoričnih vrsta bi takav čin bio s kobnim posljedicama. U kritosjemenjača (bjelogorice) postoji nekoliko različitih rasporeda i funkcioniranja provodnih elemenata. Tako su kod jednih provodni elementi osposobljeni za provođenje vode preko čitavog goda te su u funkciji deset ili više godina (kao i kod crnogorice) npr. Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Fagus, Populus, Salix, Tilia; dok su kod drugih provodni elementi (traheje) ograničeni na rano drvo (drvo koje nastaje u proljeće) te su samo elementi za provodnju vode u najmlađem godu u izravnoj vezi s listovima tog vegetacijskog razdoblja (Castanea, Fraxinus, Quercus, Robinia, Ulmus).
Zašto se to događa? Prodorom zraka u traheju nastaje mjehurić i ona postaje funkcionalno nesposobna te više ne može provoditi vodu. Takva traheja ireverzibilno (nepovratno) prestaje raditi. Traheide funkcioniraju drugačije te mogu izolirati mjehurić zraka ograđivanjem. U hrastova velike traheje funkcioniraju samo tijekom jednog vegetacijskog razdoblja. Početkom novog razdoblja (u proljeće) kambij mora nanovo izgraditi čitav sistem provođenja vode. To je jedan od razloga zašto hrastovi u proljeće tako kasno tjeraju. Naravno i jedan od razloga zašto je tako velika smrtnost novoizvađenih hrastova. Naime, ukoliko hrast izvadimo u proljeće prije nego su se pupovi otvorili vrlo vjerojatno smo izvadili hrast prije nego li je on izgradio novi provodni sustav. Na taj način izravno smo onemogućili protok vode prema listovima tog vegetacijskog razdoblja, odnosno ubili smo biljku. Bez obzira koliko zalijevali biljku, ne postoji način da ona tu vodu dopremi do udaljenih dijelova i mjesta novoga rasta. Nešto malo vode koju će uspjeti dobiti listovi bit će iz traheja kasnog drva (one traheje koje su nastaje u ljeto) no one nisu dostatne (imaju uzak lumen, mali promjer) niti za preživljavanje postojećih, a kamoli za stvaranje novih listova.
Zaključak: Hrastove treba vaditi ili neposredno-NEPOSREDNO prije otvaranja pupova ili kad su već formirani mladi listovi. Ova teorija je u skladu s iskustvima da je bolji uspjeh preživljavanja hrastova koji su izvađeni u ljeto od onih koji su izvađeni u rano proljeće. Možda bi ljetna presadnja uz defolijaciju bila rješenje!?
About foliar feeding.../O folijarnom prihranjivanju....
About foliar feeding
Most bonsai enthusiasts use foliar feeding as one way of applying fertilisers to plants and as the most efficient way of providing minerals to plants. How is foliar fertiliser absorbed? These are some scientific facts:
Except leaf pores (stomata), wich are openings on the surface of the leaves for exchanging gasses, leaves have one more type of canals, tiny ones called ectodesma. They are responsible for excepting supstances that cannot pass through unpermeable cuticle. Stomata contains air, and considering that, liquids cannot be transported through.
Cuticle is unpermeable waxy layer produced by epidermal cells of leaves.
Example… in a leaf cell, through ectodesmiae can be transported 3-4 (scale for measure ) of some ions, but a 150 of urea!!! That means that urea can be very efficient carrier of anions and cations into the plant cells. Iron (Fe) can be absorbed 3-40 times more in presence of urea than without. Of course, this is active transport, means it requires energy using ATP. This process depends of temperature and light. Some ions will be better absorbed in light, some in dark conditions, and for some ions it doesn't matter. Apsorption is at it's biggest rate in first hour after aplying foliar fertiliser.
Foliar absorption is only possible while leaves are wet. When fertiliser has dried on the leaves, nutrients cannot be absorbed any more. The leaves has to be wet again.
Summary:
S. H. Wittwer1, M. J. Bukovac1, W. H. Jyung1, Y. Yamada1, R. De1, H. P. Rasmussen1, S. N. Haile Mariam1 and S. Kannan1
(1)
Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Summary Foliar absorption consists of penetration of a cuticular membrane and uptake by living cells within the leaf. A detailed analysis of nutrient absorption by these two systems has revealed that ionic penetration of the cuticular membrane is by diffusion, and that the coupling between active transport and metabolism is at the cellular level. Urea penetrates the cuticular membrane and is absorbed by leaf cells much more rapidly than are nutrient ions. Furthermore, urea facilitates penetration and absorption of other materials simultaneously applied. Penetration of nutrient ions through cuticular membranes has been localized by microautoradiography as occurring around stomatal pores and along periclinal cell walls. Chelation of metals such as iron, manganese and zinc reduces the rate of foliar absorption, but increases the translocation of the absorbed nutrient. At the cellular level the nutrient ion is absorbed and the ligand is excluded.
Ukratko
većina bonsaista koristi folijarna gnojiva kao jedan od načina prihranjivanja. Na koji način hranjivo ulazi u biljku?! Proučavanjem fiziologije bilja dolazi se do slijedećih spoznaja:
Osim puči (stomata), koje su otvori na listovima preko kojih se uglavnom vrši razmjena plinova, listovi imaju i još jednu vrstu otvora; male kanaliće koji se nazivaju ektodezmije. Oni su upravo odgovorni za primanje hranjivih tvari kroz inače nepropusnu kutikulu. Kroz puči nema apsorpcije hranjivih tvari. Razlog je jednostavan, puči sadrže ZRAK.
Kutikula je nepropusni voštani pokrov kojeg stvaraju epidermalne stanice lista, izbojaka i ostalih nadzemnih dijelova biljnog organizma koji nemaju kore niti periderma (zaštitne ovojnice, npr. površinska ovojnica na paradajzu). Kroz kutikulu mineralno hranjivo ne prolazi.
Urea!
Kroz ektodezmije u stanicu lista može ući 3-4 jedinice iona, a 150 jedinica uree. Tako se došlo do zaključka da bi urea mogla biti dobar prenositelj kationa i aniona (pozitivnih i negativnih iona) u stanice. Npr. željeza se preko lista može prenijeti 3-40 puta puta više u prisutnosti uree nego bez nje. Naravno, cijeli taj postupak odvija se aktivnim transportom (za njega je potrebna energija ATP) te je učinkovitost prijenosa ovisna o temperaturi i svjetlosti. Nije svejedno prihranjujemo li folijarno po mraku ili po danu. Prijenos nekih iona bit će učinkovitiji uz prisutnost svjetla, za neke druge će biti bolji mrak, a za neke je svejedno. Najveća apsorpcija folijarno primijenjene prihrane odvija se u prvih sat vremena. Apsorpcija je moguća samo dok je hranjivo na listu u tekućoj fazi, dakle dok otopina folijarnog gnojiva nije osušena. Apsorpcija suhog ostatka hranjiva na listu nije moguća dok ga se ponovo ne smoči i na taj način otopi u otapalu (vodi). Zbog toga su korisna vlažna jutra kada se na lišću stvori rosa. Rosa otapa osušeno mineralno hranjivo na listu zaostalo od zadnje folijarne prihrane pa biljka može ponovo apsorbirati otopljene minerale.
Most bonsai enthusiasts use foliar feeding as one way of applying fertilisers to plants and as the most efficient way of providing minerals to plants. How is foliar fertiliser absorbed? These are some scientific facts:
Except leaf pores (stomata), wich are openings on the surface of the leaves for exchanging gasses, leaves have one more type of canals, tiny ones called ectodesma. They are responsible for excepting supstances that cannot pass through unpermeable cuticle. Stomata contains air, and considering that, liquids cannot be transported through.
Cuticle is unpermeable waxy layer produced by epidermal cells of leaves.
Example… in a leaf cell, through ectodesmiae can be transported 3-4 (scale for measure ) of some ions, but a 150 of urea!!! That means that urea can be very efficient carrier of anions and cations into the plant cells. Iron (Fe) can be absorbed 3-40 times more in presence of urea than without. Of course, this is active transport, means it requires energy using ATP. This process depends of temperature and light. Some ions will be better absorbed in light, some in dark conditions, and for some ions it doesn't matter. Apsorption is at it's biggest rate in first hour after aplying foliar fertiliser.
Foliar absorption is only possible while leaves are wet. When fertiliser has dried on the leaves, nutrients cannot be absorbed any more. The leaves has to be wet again.
Summary:
S. H. Wittwer1, M. J. Bukovac1, W. H. Jyung1, Y. Yamada1, R. De1, H. P. Rasmussen1, S. N. Haile Mariam1 and S. Kannan1
(1)
Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Summary Foliar absorption consists of penetration of a cuticular membrane and uptake by living cells within the leaf. A detailed analysis of nutrient absorption by these two systems has revealed that ionic penetration of the cuticular membrane is by diffusion, and that the coupling between active transport and metabolism is at the cellular level. Urea penetrates the cuticular membrane and is absorbed by leaf cells much more rapidly than are nutrient ions. Furthermore, urea facilitates penetration and absorption of other materials simultaneously applied. Penetration of nutrient ions through cuticular membranes has been localized by microautoradiography as occurring around stomatal pores and along periclinal cell walls. Chelation of metals such as iron, manganese and zinc reduces the rate of foliar absorption, but increases the translocation of the absorbed nutrient. At the cellular level the nutrient ion is absorbed and the ligand is excluded.
Ukratko
većina bonsaista koristi folijarna gnojiva kao jedan od načina prihranjivanja. Na koji način hranjivo ulazi u biljku?! Proučavanjem fiziologije bilja dolazi se do slijedećih spoznaja:
Osim puči (stomata), koje su otvori na listovima preko kojih se uglavnom vrši razmjena plinova, listovi imaju i još jednu vrstu otvora; male kanaliće koji se nazivaju ektodezmije. Oni su upravo odgovorni za primanje hranjivih tvari kroz inače nepropusnu kutikulu. Kroz puči nema apsorpcije hranjivih tvari. Razlog je jednostavan, puči sadrže ZRAK.
Kutikula je nepropusni voštani pokrov kojeg stvaraju epidermalne stanice lista, izbojaka i ostalih nadzemnih dijelova biljnog organizma koji nemaju kore niti periderma (zaštitne ovojnice, npr. površinska ovojnica na paradajzu). Kroz kutikulu mineralno hranjivo ne prolazi.
Urea!
Kroz ektodezmije u stanicu lista može ući 3-4 jedinice iona, a 150 jedinica uree. Tako se došlo do zaključka da bi urea mogla biti dobar prenositelj kationa i aniona (pozitivnih i negativnih iona) u stanice. Npr. željeza se preko lista može prenijeti 3-40 puta puta više u prisutnosti uree nego bez nje. Naravno, cijeli taj postupak odvija se aktivnim transportom (za njega je potrebna energija ATP) te je učinkovitost prijenosa ovisna o temperaturi i svjetlosti. Nije svejedno prihranjujemo li folijarno po mraku ili po danu. Prijenos nekih iona bit će učinkovitiji uz prisutnost svjetla, za neke druge će biti bolji mrak, a za neke je svejedno. Najveća apsorpcija folijarno primijenjene prihrane odvija se u prvih sat vremena. Apsorpcija je moguća samo dok je hranjivo na listu u tekućoj fazi, dakle dok otopina folijarnog gnojiva nije osušena. Apsorpcija suhog ostatka hranjiva na listu nije moguća dok ga se ponovo ne smoči i na taj način otopi u otapalu (vodi). Zbog toga su korisna vlažna jutra kada se na lišću stvori rosa. Rosa otapa osušeno mineralno hranjivo na listu zaostalo od zadnje folijarne prihrane pa biljka može ponovo apsorbirati otopljene minerale.
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